Process for the sensitization of photoconductors



United States Patent M 3,287,114 PROCESS FOR THE SENSITIZATION 0F PHOTOCONDUCTORS Helmut Hoegl, Geneva, Switzerland, assignor, by

gesne assignments, to Azoplate Corporation, Murray ill, NJ.

No Drawing. Original application July 24, 1961, Ser. No. 125,984. Divided and this application Jan. 18, 1965, Ser. No. 426,361 Claims priority, application Germany, May 29, 1959,

K 37,853 30 Claims. (Cl. 961) This application is a division ofcopending application Serial No. 125,984, filed July 24, 1961, now abandoned, which, in turn, is a continuation-in-part of application Serial No. 30,752, filed May 23, 1960, and also now abandoned.

Electrophotographic material normally consists of a support on which there is a photoconductive substance, this coating being provided in the absence of light with an electrostatic charge. Then, the material is exposed to light behind a master, or an episcopic image is projected thereon, so that an electrostatic image is formed which corresponds to the master. This image is developed by being briefly contacted with a resin powder, whereupon a visible image is formed which is fixed by heating or by the action of solvents. In this way, an image of the master which is resistant to abrasion is obtained electrophotographically.

In the electrophotographic process as described an increase in the sensitivity of the photoconductive'coatings has already been attempted by the addition of organic dyestufis, e .g. triphenylmethane, xanthene, phthalein, thiazine and acridine dyestuffs, to the photoconductors.

The absorption maxima of the organic photoconductors are mostly in the ultra-violet region of the spectrum. The addition of these dyestuif sensitizers achieves the result that the photoconductors become sensitive to visible light. Generally, the dyestufi sensitizers cause a displacement of the available sensitivity from the ultraviolet region to the visible region. With increased addition of dyestutf sensitizer, the sensitivity to visible light at first increases rapidly, but further additions give an increase in sensitivity which is much less than would be expected, and still further additions finally give no appreciable increase in sensitivity. The dyestufi sensitizers have the disadvantage that they color the coating considerably. In practice, the maximum achievable increase in sensitivity can seldom be utilized because then the photoconductor coatings'have an intensity of color that is undesirable. Colorless or practically colorless photoconductor coatings are desired, since colored material can be employed only in special cases. stuff sensitizers are such as not to adversely afifect the coloring of the Coating for practical purposes, the sensitizing effect often does not meet the demands of general usage. Further, the dyestutf sensitizers have the disadvantage that they bleach out relatively quickly so that their sensitizing action tends to be lost during the storage of the electrophotographic material.

A process for the sensitization of photocon-ductor coatings has now been found in which organic substances, containing polarizing residues and being capable of serving as electron-acceptors in a molecule complex, having low molecular weight, i.e. being non-resinous, being colorless or of pale color and having a melting point above room temperature, are added to the photoconductor coatings.

Substances which are primarily of interest as photoconductor coatings in accordance with the present process are those which can serve as electron-donors in mole- If additions of dye phenyl)-l,3,4-oxadiazole and its N-alkyl and N-acyl derivatives; triazoles such as 2,5 bis-(p-aminophenyl)- 1,3,4-triazole and its -N-alkyl and N-acyl derivatives; imidazolones and imidazolthiones, e.g., 1,3,4,5-tetraphenyl-imidazolone-2 and 1;3,4,S-tetraphenyl-imidazolthione-Z; N-aryl-pyrazolines, e.g. 1,3,5-triphenyl-pyrazoline; hydrated imidazoles, e.g., 1,3-diphenyl-tetrahydroimidazole; oxazole derivates such as 2,5-diphenyloxazole-2- pdimethylamino-4,5-diphenyloxazole; thiazole'derivatives' such as 2-p-dialkylamiuophenyl-me-thyl-benzthiazole; as also the following:

Oxazoles and imidazoles described in German patent application K 35,586 IVa/57b, filed Aug. 22, '1958. Acylhydrazones described in German patent application .K'36,517 Iva/57b, filed Dec. 19, 1958.

2,2,4-triazines described in German patent application K 36,651 Iva/57b, filed Jan. 7, 1959.

Metal compounds of mercapto-benzthiazole, mercaptobenzoxazole and mercapto-benzimidazoledescribed in German pateut application K 37,508 IVa/57b, filed Apr. 18, 1959.

Imidazoles described in German patent application K 37,435 Iva/57b, filed Apr. 9, 1959.

Triphenylamines described in German patent application K 37,436 Iva/57b, filed Apr. 9, 1959.

Furans, thiophenes and pyrroles described in German patent application K 37,423 IVa/ 5 7b, filed Apr. 8, 1959.

Amino compounds with multinuclear heterocy'clic and multinuclear aromatic ring system described in- Gerrlrgasrgpatent'application K 37,437 IVa/ 57b, filed 'Apr.-9,

Azomethines described in German patent application .K 29,270 IVa/57b, filed July 4, 1956. 1

Molecule complexes are defined in H. A. 'Staabs' Einfuhrung in die theoretische organische Chemie (Introduction to Theoretical Organic Chemistry), Verlag Chernie, 1959, pp. 694-707, and by L. I. Andrews, Chemical Review, vol. 54, 1954, pp. 713-777. In particular, the donor/ acceptor complex (qr-complexes) and charge-transfer complexes which are formed from an electron-acceptor and an electron-donor are included. In the present case, the photoconductors are the. electron donors and the substances here called activators-to distinguish them from the dyestutf sensitizersare the electron-acceptors. The electron-donors have a low ionization energy and have a tendency to give up electrons.

' They are bases inthe sense of the definition of acids and bases given by G. N. Lewis (H. A. Staab, as above, p. 600). The electron-donors primarily concerned in the present case are the photoconductors described above. These photoconductors consist of aromatic or heterocyclic systems containing a plurality of fused rings, or, alternatively, single rings having substitllents which facilitate further electrophilic substitution of the'aromatic ring, socalled electron-repellent substituents, as described by L. F. and M. Fieser, Lehrbuch der organischen Chemie (Textbook of Organic Chemistry), Verlag Chemie, 1954, p. 651, Table I. These are, in particular, saturated groups, e.g., alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, and propyl; alkoxy groups such as methoxy, ethoxy and propoxy; carbalkoxy groups such as carbmethoxy, carbethoxy and carbpropoxy; hydroxyl groups, amino groups Patented N ov. 22, 1966 and dialkylamino groups such as dimethylamino, diethylamino and dipropylamino.

The activators in accordance with the invention, which are electron-acceptors, are compounds with a high electronaflinity and have a tendency to take up electrons. They are acids in the sense of Lewis definition. Such properties are possessed by substances having strongly polarizing residues or groupings such as cyano and nitro groups, halogens such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine; ketone groups, ester groups, acid anhydride groups, acid groups such as carboxyl groups or the quinone grouping. Strongly polarizing electron-attracting groups of this type are described by L. F. and M. Fieser in the Lehrbuch der organischen Chemie, Verlag Chemie, 1954, p. 651, Table I. Of these substances with a melting point above room temperature (25 C.). are preferable, i.e. solid substances, because these impart a particularly long shelf life to the photoconductive coatings as a result of their low vapor pressure. Substances which are rather deeply colored such as quinones can be used, but those that are colorless or only weak in color are preferable. Their absorption maximum should preferably be in the ultra-violet region of the spectrum, i.e. below 4,500 A. Further, the activator substances in accordance with the present process should be of lower molecular weight, i.e. between about 50 and 5000, preferably between about 100 and 1000,

because with activators of lower molecular weight it is possible for reproducible results to be obtained insofar. as sensitivity is concerned. Also, the sensitivity remains constant over rather long periods, since substances of lower molecular weight, unlike those of high molecular weight, undergo hardly any change during storage. The following are examples of such substances:

Tetrachlorophthalic anhydride. Tetrabromophthalic anhydride.

2,4-dinitro-l-chloronaphthalene Tetraiodophthalic anhydride. 3,4-dichloro-nitrobenzcne Tetil'laclhlerophthalic acid monoy es cr. 2,4-dichloro-benzisatin Tetrabromophthalic acid monoethylester. 2,6-dichloro-benzaldehyde Tetraiodophthalic acid monoethylester. Hexabromonaphthalic anhydride" Iodoiorm. bz-l-cyano-benzanthrone Fumaric acid dinitrilc. Cyan acetic acid Tetracyanethylene. Z-cyanocinnamic acid s-Tricyano-benzene. 1,5-dicyanonaphthalena- 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid 2,4-dinitro-l-chloronaphthalene. 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid 1,4-dinitro-naphthalene. 2,4-dinitro-1-benzoic acid 1,5dinitro-naphthalene.

2,-dinitro-l-toluene-fi'sulionic acid 1,8-dinitro-naphthalene.

2,o-ciintro'l-phenol-i-sulphonie 2-nitrobenzoic acid.

1,3-dinitro-benzenc 3-nitrobenzoic acid.

4,4-dinitro-biphenyl Luitrobenzoic acid.

3-nitre4-methoxy-benzoic acid 3-nitro-4-ethoxy-benzoic acid.

4-nitro-l-methyl-benzoic acid 3-nitl'0-2-cresol-fi-sulphonic. acid.

6-nitro-4-methyl-1-phenol-2-sul- 5-nitrobarbituric acid.

phonic acid.

2-nitrobenzenesul hinic acid; initro-acenaphthene.

snitro-2-hydroxy -1-benzoic acid-.- 4-nitro-benzaldehyde.

2-nitro-1-phenol-4-sulphonic acid--- Milne-phenol.

3-nitro-N-butyl-carbazole Picryl chloride.

4-nitrobiphcnyl Tetranitroflnorenonc Anthraquinone-Z-car Anthraquinone-2aldehyde Antliilraquinone-2-sulphonic acid an de. Anthraquin0ne-2,7-disulphonic acid.

2,4,7-trinitro-fluorenone; s-Trinitro-benzene.

1-chloro-z-methyl-anthraquinone. Duroquinone. 2,6-dichloroquinone. 1,5diphenoxy-anthraquinone.

2,7-dinitro-anthraquinone.

1,5-dichloro-anthraquinone.

1,4-dimethyl-anthraquinone.

2,5-dichloro-benzoquinone. 2,3-dichloro-naphthoquinonc-1,4.

1,5dichloro-anthraquinone. l-methyl-4-chloro-anthraquinone. Picric acid. Z-methylanthraquinone. Naphthoquinone-1,2. Naphthoquinone-1,4. Pentacencquinone. Tetracene-7,12-quinone.

1,4-toluquinone.

2,5,7,10-tetrachloropyrenequinone.

The quantity of the solid, non-resinous, substantially colorless electron-acceptors (activators) which is best incorporated in the photoconductive coating to be sensi-l.

tized is easily established by simple experiments. The photoconductive coating containing at least one photoconductor and at least one solid, non-resinous, substantially colorless, electron-acceptor, should contain the photoconductor and electron-acceptor in proportions ranging from substantially less than equal amountsto a sub-:

stantial excess of the photoconductor with respect to the electron-acceptor. The optimum of the proportions varies somewhat according to the substance used. Gen-.

erally, minor amounts are used, i.e. from about,0.l to about 300 moles, preferably from about 1 to about 50 moles of electron-acceptor per 1000 moles of photoconductor. Alternatively, it has also been found that in the photoconductive coatings containing at least one photoconductor and at least one solid, non-resinous, substantially colorless electron-acceptor, it is also very useful to i have present the photoconductor andthe electron-ac; ceptor in proportions ranging from substantially less than.

equal amounts to a substantial excess of the electronacceptor with respect to the photoconductor. These proportions in which minor amounts .of the. photocon ductor are added to the activator vary according to the. substance used; however, in general, amounts from about 1 0.1 to about 300 moles, preferably from about 1 to 1 about 50 moles photoconductor per 1000 moles activator are used. In some cases, it isalso possible to use more 1 than 300 moles photoconductor or activator per 1000 moles activator or photoconductor, respectively, but by exceeding the above range the dark decay of the mixture usually increases, and in such cases coatings made therefrom are inferior.

Mixtures of several photoconductors and activator substances may also be used. Moreover, in addition to these substances, sensitizing dyestufi's may be added- By means of the present process, photoconductor coatings can be prepared which have a high degree of lightsensitivity, particularly in the ultra-violet region, and which are practically colorless. There is the further possibility of the photoconductor coatings being thereby strongly activated in the ultra-violet region-and afterwards being invested with a high degree of sensitivity to visible, light by a very small addition of dyestuff sensitizer without it being necessary for so much dyestuff to be added that the coating takes on a deep color. Also,

it is possible, by means of activators, for photoconductors such as naphthalene, whose initial sensitivity is very slight, to be given adequate sensitivity for the production of satisfactory images by electrophotogr-aphic processes.

Furthermore, by addition of minor amounts of photoconductors to activators, photoconductive mixtures are obtained which have photoconductivity much higher than. 1

could be expected from the amount of the photoconductor added to the activator.

is present in a major amount.

The coatings are treated in other respects in accordance with the known processes of electrophotography, i.e. the photoconductor substances are used in the form of thin, coherent homogeneous coatings on a supporting material. The materials used as supports are primarily metals, such as aluminum, zinc, and copper; cellulose products, such as paper and cellulose hydrate; plastics, such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyamides, and polyurethanes. Other plastics, such as cellulose acetate and cellulose butyrate, especially in a partially saponified form, polyesters, polycarbonates, and polyolefins, if they are covered with an electroconductive layer or if they are converted into materials which have the above-mentioned specific conductivity, e.g. by chemical treatment or by introduction of materials which render them electrically conductive, can also be used, as well as glass plates. In general, materials are suitable the specific resistance of which is less than ohm-cm., preferably less than 10 ohm-cm.

If paper is used as the supporting material, it is preferably pretreated against the penetration of coating solutions, e.g., it can be treated with a solution of methyl cellulose or polyvinyl alcohol in water or with a solution of an interpolymer of acrylic acid methyl ester and acryloni-trile in a mixture of acetone and methylethyl ketone, or with solutions of polyamides in aqueous alcohols or with dispersions of such substances.

For the preparation of the electrophotographic material, the photoconductive compounds are preferably dissolved in organic solvents such as benzene, acetone, methylene chloride or ethyleneglycol monomethylether or other organic solvents or in mixtures of such solvents, and resins and the activatorsand possibly also the dyestuif sensitizersare advantageously added thereto. These solutions are coated upon the supporting material in the normal manner, e.g., by immersion processes, painting or roller application or by spraying. The material is then heated so that the solvent Will be removed.

A number of the compounds in question can be applied together to the supporting material or the compounds can be applied in association with other photoconductive substances.

Further, it is often advantageous for the photoconductor substances to be applied to the supporting material in association with one or more binders, e.g., resins. Resins primarily of interest as additions to the photoconductor coatings include natural resins such as balsam resins, colophony and shellac, synthetic resins such as coumarone resins and indene resins, processed natural substances such as cellulose ethers; polymers such as vinyl polymers, e.g. polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl acetals, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl ethers, polyacrylic and polymethacrylic acid esters, isobutylene and chlorinated rubber.

If the photoconductive compounds in accordance with the invention are used in association with the resins described above, the proportion of resin to photoconductor substance can vary very greatly. Mixtures of from two parts of resin and one part of photoconductor substance to two parts of photoconductor substance and one part of resin are to be preferred. Mixtures of the two substances in equal parts by weight are particularly favonable.

For the displacement of sensitivity from the ultra-violet to the visible range of the spectrum, dyestufi sensitizers can be used in addition to the activators. Even very small additions of sensitizer, e.g., less than 0.01 percent, give good results. In general, however, 0.01 to 5 percent, and preferably 0.1 to 3 percent of dyestufif sensitizer is added to the photoconductor coatings. The addition of larger quantitiesis possible but in general is not accompanied by any considerable increase in sensitivity.

Some examples are given below of dyestuif sensitizers which may be used with good results, and some with very good results. They are taken from Schultz Farbstofftabellen (7th edition, 1931, lst vol.):

Triarylrnethane dyestuffs such as Brilliant Green*(No. 760, p. 314), Victoria Blue B (No. 822, p.' 347), Methyl Violet (No. 783, p. 327), Crystal Violet (No. 785, p. 329), Acid V-iolet GB (No. 831, p. 351); xanthene dyestuffs, namely rhod-amines, such as Rhodamine B (No. 864, p. 365), Rhodamine 6G (No.866, p. 3 6 Rhodamine G Extra (No. 865, p. 366), Sulphorhcdamine B (No. 863, p. 364) and Fast Acid Eosin G(No. 870, p. 368), as also phthaleins such as Eosin S (No. 883,.p. 375), Eosin A (No. 881, p. 374), Erythrosin (No. 886, p. 376), Phloxin (No. 890, p. 378), Bengal Rose ('No. 889, p. 378), and Fluoresceini(No. 880, p. 373); thiazine dyestutfs such as Methylene Blue (No. 1038, p.-449); acridine dyestuffs such as Acridine Yellow (No. 901, p.383), Acridine Orange (No. 908, p. 387) and Trypaflavine (No. 906, p. 386); quinoline dyestuffs such as 'Pinacyanol (No. 924, p. 396) and Cryptocyanine (No. 927, p. 397); cyanine dyestuffs, e.g., Cyanine (No. 921, .p. 394) and chlorophyll.

For the production of copies-with the electrocopying material, the photoconductive coating is charged by means of, for example, a corona discharge with acharg ing apparatus maintained at 6000 -7000 volts. The .elec tro-copying material is then exposed to light in contact with a master. Alternatively, an episcopic or diascopic image is projected thereon. An electrostatic image corresponding to the master is thus produced on the material. This invisible image is developed by contact with a developer consisting of carrier and toner. The carriers used may be, for example, tiny glass balls, iron powder or tiny plastic balls. The toner consists of a resin-carbon black mixture or a pigmented resin. The toner is usedin a grain size of 1 to g. The developer may also'consist of a resin or pigment suspended in a non-conductive liquid in which resins may be dissolved. The image that is made visible by develo ment is then fixed, e.g., bv heating with an infra-red radiator to l00 170 C., preferably -150 C. or by treatment with solvents-such as trichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride or ethyl alcohol, or steam. Images corresponding to the master characterized by good contrast effect are obtained.

If transparent supporting material is used, the electrophotographic images can also be used as masters for the production of further copies on any type of light-sensitive sheets.

If translucent supports are used for photoconductive layers such as are provided by the invention, reflex images can be produced also.

The application of the activators in accordance with the present process is not restricted to electrophotographic coatings, but can extend to other devices containing photoconductors, e.g., photoelectric cells, photoresistances, sensing heads or camera tubes and electroluminescent apparatus.

The invention will be further illustrated by reference to the following specific examples:

EXAMPLE 1 A solution containing 26 parts by weight of polyvinyl acetate (e.g., Mowilith 50"), 25.6 parts by weight of naphthalene, 0.0415 part by weight of 2,3,7-trinitrofiuorenone and 800 parts by volume of toluene is ap lied by means of a coating device to an aluminum foil. After the coating has dried, direct images are produced thereon by the electrophotographic process in the following manner: the coated foil is given a negative electric charge by corona discharge, exposed behind a master to the light of a high-pressure mercury vapor lamp watts, at a distance of 30 cm.) for about 10 seconds and then dusted over with a developer.

The developer consists of tiny glass balls anda mixture of resin and carbon black which has been melted together and then finely divided. A developer of this-sort consists of, e.g., 100 parts by weight of tiny glass balls (grain size: IOU-400 approx.) and a toner (grain size: 20-50 approx.). The toner is prepared by melting together 30 parts by weight of Polystyrol LG, 30 parts by weight of modified maleic acid resin (Beckacite K 105) and 3 parts by weight of Peerless Black Russ 552. The melt is then ground and screened. The finely divided resin adheres to the parts of the coating not struck by light during the exposure and a positive image of the master becomes visible. It is slightly heated and thereby fixed.

If 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone is not added to the coatings described above, even an exposure of two minutes will not produce an electrophotographic image.

EXAMPLE 2 26 parts by weight of polyvinyl acetate, 16.6 parts by weight of fluorene and 0.3 602 part by weight of tetranitrofiuorenone are dissolved in 800 parts by volume of toluene. This solution is applied to an aluminum foil and further procedure is as described in Example 1. Exposure time, if a l25-watt high-pressure mercury vapor lamp is used, is seconds. p I

Without the tetranitrofiuorenone addition, the images obtained even after an exposure of two minutes are not free of background, i.e., the exposed parts are not fully discharged and therefore retain a certain amount of developer, p

' EXAMPLE 3 A solution of 26 parts by weight of polyvinyl acetate, 17.8 parts by weight of anthracene and 0.3357 part by weight of hexabromonaphthalie anhydride in 800parts byvolume of toluene is applied to aluminum and further procedureis as described in Example 1. With a 125-watt high-pressure mercury vapor lamp, the exposure time is 4 seconds.

parts by volume of toluene is applied to paper and thematerial is further processed as described in Example 1. The exposure time (125-watt high-pressure mercury vapor lamp) is 20 seconds.

Without the 1,2-benzanthraquinone addition, the copy still has considerable background after-an exposure of 80 seconds.

EXAMPLE 6 v 26 parts by weight of polyvinyl. acetate, 17.8. parts by weight of phenanthrene and 0.245 part by weight of chloranil are dissolved together in 800 parts -by volume of toluene. The solution is applied to a superficially roughened aluminum foil and then the material is further processed as described in Example 1. If the material is exposed to a 125-watt high-pressure mercury vapor lamp, an exposure of 10 secondsgives an image free of background and rich in contrast, whereas Without the.

chloranil addition there is heavy background even after an exposure of one minute.

EXAMPLE 7 A solution containing 26 parts by weight of polyvinyl acetate, 24.4 parts by weight of o-dianisidine and 0.0256

part by Weight of dibromomaleic anhydride in 800 parts by volume of toluene is applied to an aluminum foil and the material is further processed as described in Example l. The exposure time (l25-watt high-pressure mercury vapor lamp) is 2 seconds. Without the dibromomaleic anhydride addition, it is 10 seconds.

TABLE A No. A B C D E 1 Polyvinylaeetate, 10 parts (1) 120 see. (b) (ca.). Anthraqulnone, 0.08 30 see. (b). 3 Anthraquiuone, 0.17 20 see. (b). 4 Anthraquinone, 0.25 20 see. (b). 5' 0. 001 see. (b). 0. 005 60 see. (b). 0. 010 60 see. (b). 8 0. 030 90 see. (b). 9 0. 050 90 see. (b). 10 Anthraquinone, 0.17 0. 001 20 see. (b). dn 0. 010 20 see. (b). 12 dn 0. 50 20 see. (b). 13 240 see. (a). 14 dn Anthraqurnone, n 25 180 see. (a). 15- Cyclized rubber, 10 parts (2) 240 see. (a). 16, do Anthraquinone, 0.25 30 see. (a). 17- Aiterchlorinated polyvinylehloride, 7 parts (3) 10 see. (a).

Polyvinylchloride, afterchlorinated, 7 parts (3) Authraquinone, 0.25 part- 3 see. (a).

. 240 see. (a).

Maleiic acid resin, 10 parts (4) o Chlorinat d rubber, 10 parts (5) moo m00000 000000000000mooooooooocoooomcnonoomoooooomoooo Without the hexabromonaphthalic anhydride addition, an exposure-of as much as 30 seconds gives an image which contains background.

EXAMPLE 4 A solutioncontaining 18 parts by weight of polyvinyl acetate, 18.2 parts by weight of 2,4-bis-(4'-diethylaminophenyl)-1,3,4-triazole and 0.130 part by weight of tetrachlorophthalic anhydride to 500parts by volume of toluene is applied to an aluminum foil and further procedure is as described in Example l. The exposure time with a 100-watt incandescent lamp is 2 seconds.

Without the tetrachlorophthalic anhydride addition, the image obtained after an exposure of 1 minute is not free of background.

Anthraquinone, 0.25 part 20 see. (a) Anthraquinone, 0.25

1,2-benzanthraquinone, 0.31 part Hexabromonaphthalie anhydride, 0.80 part- 2,4,5,7-tetranitrofiuorenone, 0.43 part- Dibrornomaleic anhydride, 0.30 part..- N itroterephthalic acid-dimethylester,

par Tetracyano ethylene, 0.15 part 1,3,5-trinttrobenzene, 0.25 part 11.5 see. (a). 1.5 see. (a). 4-6 see. (a)- 6-8 sec. (a).

4-6 see. (a). 1.5-2 see. (a).

Explanations. on Table A Column A: Quantity and kind of binder used. In all in all Column D: Quantity of dyestuif sensitizer used (Rhodamine B extra).

Column E: Time of exposure, using:

(a) a 250 watt photographic lamp (Philips Photo-= crescenta). (b) a customary watt incandescent lamp.

The tests were carried through under the same experimental conditions, with the exception of the variations stated in the table.

(1) The polyvinyl acetate used was the product commercially available under the registered trademark Mowilith C.

(2) The cyclized rubber used was the product commercially available under the registered trademark Pliolite S5D.

(3) The afterchlorinated polyvinylchloride used was the product commercially available under the registered trademark Rhenoflex.

(4) The maleic acid resin used was the product commercially available under the designation Alrosat.

(5) The chlorinated rubber used in Table A, col. A, under N0. 21 (5) was the product. commercially available under the registered trademark Parlon S-S cps.

(6) The chlorinated rubber used in Table A, col. A, under N0. 23 (6) was a product commercially available under the registered trademark Pergut 8-40.

The following Table B shows further examples of various photoconductors which were activated, and the reduction in exposure time caused by the activators:

TABLE A B C 13.6 hydroquinonedi- Chlorauil lmethylether.

2,4,5, 7- t etranitrofluorenone 25.6 naphthalene 21.6 1,5-diethoxynaphthalene.

Dibromom aleic anhydride Tetrachlorophthalic anhydride Hexabromouaphthalic anhydride Picrylchloride 2,4,5,7-tetranitrofluorenone- Chloi-anil 1,2-b enz anthraquinone. Dibrornomaleic anhydride Hexabromonaphthalic anhydride Picrylchloride 2,4,5,7-tetranitrofiuorenone Chloranil Hexabromonaphthalic anhydride. 2,4,5,7-tetranitrofluorenone Chloranil 1 ,2-benzanthraquinone- Tetrachlorophthalic anhydride" Picrylchloride 2,4,5,7-tetran.itrofluorenone C-hlorauil 1,2-benzanthraquinone- Tetraehlorophthalic anhydrida Hexabromouaphthalic anhydride. Picrylehloride Chloranil 1 ,Q-benzanthraquinone Hexabromonaphthalic anhydride. Picrylchloride 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid 1,2-benzanthraquin one. Dibromornaleic anhydride. Tetrachlorophth alic anhydride- 2,4,5,7-tetranitrofluorenone Benzoquinone- Chloranil 3,5-diuitrosalicylic acid 15.4 acenaphthene 26 15.2 acenaphthylene'.

15.4 diphenyl 18 24.4 o-dianisidine 2s 16.6 fiuoreue 26 17.8 anthracene 26 22.8 chrysene 52 Tetrachlorophthalic anhydride Hexabromonaphthalic anhydride Picrylchloride 2,4,5,7-tetranitrofluorenone- Benzoquinone Chloranil 2,4,5,7 -tetranjtrofluorenone 1 ,4-benzoquinone 16.9 diphenylamine" 26.9 2,2'-dinapbthy1amine.

17.8 phenanthrene 26 meme TABLE BContinued 19.3 Z-phenyl-indole 26 16.7 carbazole I: on

19.9 thiodiphenylamine--- 25.48 ZA'bis-(Q-diethyI- aminophenyl)-l,3,4- oxadiazole.

18.2 2,4-bis(4-diethylaminophenyl)-1,3,4-

riazole.

ban

Explanations on Table B The table describes a series of experiments carried through for improving the photoconductivity of organic substances by adding activators.

In Column A the quantity and nature of the substance used is stated. The substances marked with a yielded no electrophotographic images even after an exposure time of several minutes. i I i In Column B the quantity of the binder used is stated. In all of the cases, polyvinyl acetate having a K-value of 50 was used. Binder, photoconductive substance, and activator were dissolved in toluene, coated onto an aluminum foil, and dried.

In Column C the substance used as activator is stated. In all of the cases 1 mol of the activator stated under C was used per moles of the substance stated under A.

In Column D the reduced time of exposure is stated which is required to produce images equal in quality to those produced without the addition of an activator. In those cases where a prolonged exposure of the photoconductor yielded not even a Weak image (marked with a the calculation of the reduced time of exposure was based on the longest exposure used for the unactivated photoconductor substance.

Alternatively, the increase in sensibility obtained by the addition of activating substances may be taken from a comparison of the degrees of blackening obtained with the activated photoconductive layer and with the unactivated photoconductive layer, under the same customary step Wedge (eg. Kodak No. 2 density strip with color patches).

EXAMPLE 8 A solution containing 20 parts by weight of afterchlorinated polyvinyl chloride with a content of chlorine from 61.7 to 62.3 percent and K-value from 59 to 62, 18.01 parts by Weight of 2,4,5,7-tetranitrofluorenone and 0.216 part by weight of 1,5-diethoxynaphthalene dissolved in a mixture of 450 parts by volume toluene and parts by volume butanone is applied to an aluminum foil. The subsequent procedure is that described in Example 1. The exposure time, with a 100 watt incandescent lamp at a distance of 30 centimeters is 2 seconds.

Without the addition of 1,5-diethoxynaphthalene the exposure time is about 40 seconds.

11 In the following table, the exposure times are given, which were obtained when using other photoconductors instead of the 1,5-diethoxynaphthalene.

Exposure time EXAMPLE 9 A solution of 12 parts by weight of chlorinated rubber (Pergut 8-40), 5.04 parts by weight of 1,3-dinitrobenzene and 0.106 part by weight of anthracene in 150 parts by volume of toluene is applied to a paper foil and the material is further processed as described in Example 1. The exposure time (125 watt high pressure mercury vapor lamp) is 20 seconds. Without the anthracene addition, even after an exposure time of 80 seconds, only traces of an image were obtained. This means that the exposed parts of the coating were not discharged and therefore still attracted developer.

In the following table the exposure times are given, which were obtained, when using other photoconductors instead of the 1,3 -dinitrobenzene.

Exposure time (seconds) Photoconductors (parts by weight):

2,2'-dinaphthylamine (0.180)

2,2'-dinaphthylamine, the exposure time is about 10 sec- 1 ends.

EXAMPLE 12 To a solution containing 28.6 parts by weight of tetrachlorophthalic acid anhydride and 20 parts by Weight of afterchlorinated polyvinyl chloride in a mixture of 150 parts by volume of butanone and 450 parts by volume of toluene, X parts by weight of hotoconductor and Y parts by weight of dyestufl sensitizer are added. In the following table, the amounts of the hotoconductor and sensitizer are given together with the corresponding ex posure times. It is advantageous to dissolve the dyestufi sensitizer in a small amount of ethyleneglycol monomethyl ether before adding it to the solution. The latter is applied to a paper base material and further processed The light source .used 1 throughout was a 125-watt high pressure mercury vapor as described in Example 1.

lamp and the distance between this lamp and the material exposed was about 30 centimeters.

Dyestufl Sensitizer Y Photoconductor X parts Parts by weight Exposure by Weight ime (Seconds) No ca. 200

I19 0.39 N -ethylcarbaz0le 3 4-oxdiazole.

0.30 Rhodnmine B extra..." 0.025 Basischreinblau 3 G 0.015 Brillantgreen extra. 0.015 Kristallviolet 0.015 Methylenblue 0.30 Rhodamlne B extra None 2,5-bis-(4'-diethylaminophenyl)-1,3,4 oxdiazole EXAMPLE 10 A solution containing 20 parts by weight of the afterchlorinated polyvinyl chloride mentioned in Example 8, 21.02 parts by weight of benzile and 0.370 part by weight of benzidine in a mixture of 450 parts by volume of toluene and 150 parts by volume of butanone is applied to an aluminum foil and the material is further processed as described in Example 1. The exposure time (125 watt high pressure mercury vapor lamp at a distance of 30 centimeters) is 10 seconds. Without the addition of the benzidine activator, even after an exposure time of 4 minutes, no electrophotographic image could be obtained.

In the following table, the exposure times are given which were obtained when using photoconductors other than benzidine.

Exposure time Photoconductors (parts by Weight): (seconds) 2,2'-dinaphthylamine (0.540) 20 2,5-bis-(4'-diethylamino-phenyl) 1,3,4 oxdiazole (0.730) 5 Poly-N-vinylcarbazole (0.390) 30 EXAMPLE 11 A solution containing 6.2 parts by weight of afterchlorinated polyvinyl chloride, 3.94 parts by weight of 1,5-dichloronaphthalene and 0.145 part by weight of 2,5-bis- (4-diethylaminophenyl)-1,3,4-oxdiazole in a mixture of 135 parts by volume of toluene and 45 parts by volume of butanone is applied to a paper base and is further processed as described in Example 1. The exposure time (125 watt high pressure mercury vapor lamp at a distance of 30 centimeters) is 10 seconds. Without the addition of the oxdiazole compound, even after an exposure time of 40 seconds, no image could be obtained. When the oxdiazole compound is replaced by 0.120 part by Weight of EXAMPLE 13 A solution is prepared, containing 57.2 parts by weight 1 of tetrachlorophthalic acid anhydride and 65 parts by weight of afterchlorinated polyvinyl chloride in 700 parts by volume toluene and suflicient butanone is added to make up 1000 parts by volume. To 50 parts by volume of the resulting stock solution, one of the photoconductors listed below is added,and the solution is applied to i an aluminum foil and further processed as described in 1 In the following table, the added photo-H conductors are indicated, and the corresponding exposure Example 1.

times are given. As the light source, a -watt high pressure mercury vapor lamp in a distance of about 30 centimeters from the exposed material was used .in all instances.

Photoconductor (parts by weight):

1 Image with heavy background,

Exposure time.

13 lhotoconductor (parts by weight) Exposure time Continued (seconds) Phenanthrene (0.089) 60 Phenoxathin (0.100) 10 Stilbene (0.090) 30 2,3,5-triphenylpyrrole (0.153) 10 l,l-dinaphthylamine (0.134) 30 1,2-dinaphthylamine (0.134) 30 4-tolyl-l-naphthylamine (0.116) 60 2-phenylindole (0.096) 60 Acenaphthene (0.077) 60 Diphenyl (0.077) 120 N-methyldiphenylamine (0.091) 30 4-hydroxy-diphenylamine (0.092) 30 Phlorglucinediethyl ether (0.091) 120 EXAMPLE 14 57.2 parts by weight of tetrachlorophthalic acid anhydride and 65 parts by weight of polyvinyl acetate are dissolved in sufiicient toluene to make up 1000 parts by volume. To 50 parts by volume of this stock solution, one of the photoconductors listed below is added and the coating solution is applied to an aluminum foil and further processed as described in Example 1. The light source and the distance of the light source from the exposed material were the same as in the foregoing example.

Exposure time (seconds) EXAMPLE 15 29.62 parts by weight of phthalic acid anhydride and 33 parts by weight of afterchlorinated polyvinyl chloride are dissolved in. 670 parts by volume of toluene and 330 parts by volume of butanone. To 50 parts by volume of the resulting stock solution, one of the photoconductors listed in the following table is added; these coating solutions are applied to an aluminum foil, and further processed as described in Example 1. The light source and the distance of the light source were the same as in Example 13.

Exposure time Photoconductor (parts by weight): (seconds) None 1 60 N-ethylcarbazole (0.10) 5 Anthracene (0.09) Chrysene (0.114) Pyrene (0.10) 10 2,2-dinaphthylamine (0.134) 10 2,3,5-triphenylpyrrole (0.153) 10 1 No image obtained.

EXAMPLE 16 49.2 parts byweight of chloranil and 5 6 parts by weight at afterchlorinated polyvinyl chloride are dissolved in a mixture of 1170 parts by volume of toluene andparts by volume of butanone. The resulting solution is filled up to 2000 parts by volume with chlorobenzene. To 100 parts by volume of this stock solution, one of the photoconductors listed in the following table is added; the coating solution is applied to an aluminum foil and further processed as described in Example 1. The light source and the distance of the light source were the same as in Example 13.

Exposure time Photoconductor (parts by weight): (seconds) None 180 Naphthalene (0.064) ca. Hydroquinonedimethyl ether (0.070) 30 N-ethylcarbazole (0.097) 10 Anthracene (0.090) 5 Chrysene (0.114) 15 Pyrene (0.10) 10 o-Dianisidine (0.122) 5 2,6-dimethyl-naphthalene (0.078) 0 Hexamethylbenzene (0.081) 120 2,2'-dinaphthylamine (0.134) 1-2 2,5-bis-(4-diethylaminophenyl)-1,3,4-oxdiazole (0.182) 1 2,3,5-triphenylpyrrole (0.153) 4 EXAMPLE 17 10.6 parts by weight of 2-acetyl fluorene and 12 parts by weight of afterchlorinated polyvinyl chloride are dissolved in parts of toluene and suflficient butanol to make up 250 parts by volume of solution. To 50 parts by volume of this stock solution, one of the photoconductors of the following table is added. The solution is applied to an aluminum foil and further processed as described in Example 1. The light source and the distance of the light source were the same as in Example 13.

Exposure time Photoconductor (parts by weight): (seconds) None 1 180 o-Dianisidine (0.120) 30 2,5-bis- (4'aiiethylaminopheny-l) -1,3,4-oxdiazole 1 No image obtained.

EXAMPLE 18 44 parts by weight of 9 acetyl-anthracene and 48 parts by weight of afterchlorinated polyvinyl chloride are dissolved in 700 parts by volume of solution. To 50 parts by volume of the resulting stock solution, one of the photoconductors of the following table is added. This solution is applied to an aluminum foil and further processed as described in Example 1. The light source and the distance thereof was the same as in Example 13.

Exposure time Photoconductor (parts by weight): (seconds) None 1 180 Hydroquinonedimethyl ether (0.069) 30 N-ethyl carbazole (0.097) 60 Anthracene (0.089) 60 Hexamethylbenzene (0.081) 30 1 Image with heavy background.

EXAMPLE 19 46.2 parts by weight of pyrene-3-aldehyde and 50 parts by weight of afterchlorinated polyvinyl chloride are dissolved in 670 pasts by volume of toluene and sufiicient butanol to make up 1000 parts by volume of solution. To 50 parts by volume of the resulting stock solution one of the photoconductors of the following table is added. The solution is applied to an aluminum foil and further processed as described in Example 1. The light source 15. and the distance of the light source were the same as in Example 13.

Exposure time 2,5-bis-(4-diethylaminophenyl)-l,3,4-oxdiazole (0.180) 2,3,5-triphenylpyrrole (0.150)

EXAMPLE 20 13.1 parts by weight of 1,4,5-trinitronaphthalene and 15 parts by weight of afterchlorinated polyvinyl chloride were dissolved in 180 parts by volume of toluene and sufiicient butanone to make up 250 parts by volume. To 50 parts of the resulting stock solution, one of the photoconductors of the following table is added in the amount indicated. This solution is applied to an aluminum foil and further processed as described in Example 1. The light source and the distance thereof were the same as in Example 13.

Exposure time Photoconductor (parts by weight): (seconds) None 1 180 N-ethylcarbazole (0.10) 30 Anthracene (0.09) 30 o-Dianisidine (0.12) 10 2,5-bis-(4'-diethylaminophenyl)-1,3,4-oxdiazole 1 Image with heavy background.

It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that many modifications may be made within the scope of the present invention without departing from the spirit thereof, and the invention includes all such modifications.

What is claimed is:

1. A sensitized photoconductive layer comprising at least one solid, non-resinous, substantially colorless electron-acceptor, and a compound having the formula in which R is selected from the group consisting of a carbocyclic fused ring group having at least three fused rings, at least two of which are fused benzene rings, and a carbocyclic fused ring group having at least three fused rings, one of which has an oxygen substituent.

2. A sensitized photoconductive layer comprising at least one solid, non-resinous, substantially colorless electron-acceptor, and a compound having the formula in which R is selected from the group consisting of a carbocyclic fused ring group having at least three fused .rings, at least two of which are fused benzene rings, and

in which R is selected from the group consisting of a carbocyclic fused. ring group having at least three fused 16' 1. rings, at least two of which are fused benzene rings, and a carbocyclic fused ring group having at least three fused rings, one of which has an oxygen substituent; in propor-. tions ranging from about 0.1 to about 300 moles of the.

electron-acceptor per 1000 moles of photoconductor.

4. A sensitized photoconductive layer comprising at least one solid, non-resinous, substantially colorless electron-acceptor, and a compound having the formula in which R is selected from the group consisting of a carbocyclic fused ring group having at least three fused rings, at least two of which are fused benzene rings, and t a carbocyclic fused ring group having at least three fused rings, one of which has an oxygen substituent; in propor-.

tions ranging from about 0.1 to about 300 moles of the photoconductor per 1000 moles of the electron-acceptor. 5. A sensitized photoconductive layer comprising at least one solid, non-resinous, substantially colorless elec-.

tron-acceptor, and a compound having the formula RNI-I in which R is selected from .the group consisting of a carbocyclic fused ring group having at least'three fused 6. A sensitized photoconductive layer comprising at least one solid, non-resinous, substantially colorless electron-acceptor, and a compound having the formula in which R is selected from the group consisting of a carbocyclic fused ring group having at least three fused rings, at least two of which are fused benzene rings, and a carbocyclic fused ring group having at least three fused rings, one of which has an oxygen substituent; in propor-.

tions ranging from about 1 to about 50 moles of the photoconductor per 1000 moles of the electron-acceptor.

7. A layer according to claim 1 in which the electronacceptor is 2,4,7-trinitrofiuorenone.

8. A layer according to claim 1 inwhich the electronacceptor is tetranitrofluorenone.

9. A layer according to claim 1 in which the electronacceptor is hexabromonaphthalic anhydride.

10. A layer according to claim 1 in which the electronacceptor is tetrachlorophthalic anhydride.

11. A layer according to claim 1 in which the electronacceptor is 1,2-benzanthraquinone.

12. A layer according to claim-1 in which the electronacceptor is chloranil.

13. A layer according to claim 1 in which the electronacceptor is dibromomaleic anhydride.

14. A layer according to claim 1 including a resin.

15. A layer according to claim 1 including a dyestufi.

sensitize-r.

16. A photographic reproduction process which comprises exposing an electrostatically charged, supported,

photoconductive insulating layer to light under a master and developing the resulting image with an electroscopic material, the photoconductive layer comprising at least one solid, non-resinous, substantially colorless electronacceptor, and a compound having the formula material, the photoconductive layer comprising at least one solid, non-resinous, substantially colorless electronacceptor, and a compound having the formula in which R is selected from the group consisting of a carbocyclic fused ring group having at least three fused rings, at least two of which are fused benzene rings, and a carbocyclic fused ring group having at least three fused rings, one of which has an oxygen substituent; the layer containing the photoconduct'or and the electron-acceptor in proportions ranging from substantially less than equal amounts to a substantial excess of the photoconductor with respect to the electron-acceptor and from substantially less than equal amounts to a substantial excess of the electron-acceptor with respect to the photoconductor.

18. A photographic reproduction process which comprises exposing an electrostatically charged, supported, photoconductive insulating layer to light under a master and developing the resulting image. with an electroscopic material, the photoconductive layer comprising at least one solid, non-resinous, substantially colorless electronacceptor, and a compound having the formula in which R is selected from the group consisting of a carbocyclic fused ring group having at least three fused rings, at least two of which are fused benzene rings, and a carbocyclic fused ring group having at least three fused rings, one of which has an oxygen substituent; in proportions ranging from about 0.1 to about 300 moles of the electron-acceptor per 1000 moles of photoconductor.

19. A photographic reproduction process which comprises exposing an electrostatically charged, supported, photoconductive insulating layer to light under a master and developing the resulting image with an electroscopic material, the photoconductive layer comprising at least one solid, non-resinous, substantially colorless electronacceptor, and a compound having the formula in which R is selected from the group consisting of a carbocyclic fused ring group having at least three fused rings, at least two of which are fused benzene rings, and a carbocyclic fused ring group having at least three fused rings, one of which has an oxygen substituent; in proportions ranging from about 0.1 to about 300 moles of the photoconduct-or per 1000 moles of the electron-acceptor.

20. A photographic reproduction process which comprises exposing an electrostatically charged, supported, photoconductive insulating layer to light under a master and developing the resulting image with an electroscopic material, the photoconductive layer comprising at least one solid, non-resinous, substantially colorless electronacceptor, and a compound having the formula in which R is selected from the group consisting of a carbocyclic fused ring group having at least three fused rings, at least two of which are fused benzene rings, and a carbocyclic fused ring group having at least three fused rings, one of which has an oxygen substituent; in proportions ranging from about 1 to about 50 moles of the electron-acceptor per 1000 moles of the photoconductor.

21. A photographic reproduction process which comprises exposing an electrostatically charged, supported, photoconductive insulating layer to light under a master and developing the resulting image with an electroscopic material, the photoconductive layer comprising at least one solid, non-resinous, substantially colorless electronacceptor, and a compound having the formula in which R is selected from the group consisting of a carbocyclic fused ring group having at least three fused rings, at least two of which are fused benzene rings, and a carbocyclic fused ring group having at least three fused rings, one of which has an oxygen substituent; in proportions ranging from about 1 to about 50 moles of the photoconductor per 1000 moles of the electron-acceptor.

22. A process according to claim 16 in which the electron-acceptor is 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone.

23. A process according to claim 16 in which the electron-acceptor is tetranitrofluorenone.

24. A process according to claim 16 in which the electron-acceptor is hexabromonaphthalic anhydride.

25. A process according to claim 16 in which the electron-acceptor is tetrachlorophthalic anhydride.

26. A process according to claim 16 in which the electron-acceptor is 1,2-benzanthraquinone 27. A process according to claim 16 in which the electron-acceptor is chloranil. V

28. A process according to claim 16 in which the electron-acceptor is dibromomaleic anhydride.

29. A process according to claim 16 in which the layer includes a resin.

30. A process according to claim 16 in which the layer includes a dyestulf sensitizer.

References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,037,861 6/1962 Hoegl et a1 961 3,113,022 12/1963 Cassiers et al 96-1 3,155,503 11/1964 Ca'ssiers et a1. 961

FOREIGN PATENTS 562,336 5/ 1958 Belgium.

OTHER REFERENCES Andrews, Chemical Reviews, 54: 713-777, October 1954.

Czekalla et a1.: Chemical Abstracts, 52:43 17h (1957).

Schneider and Compton et al.: Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 25: 358, 1075-1076 (1956).

NORMAN G. TORCHIN, Primary Examiner.

C. E. VAN HORN, Assistant Examiner. 

1. A SENSITIZED PHOTOCONDUCTIVE LAYER COMPRISING AT LEAST ONE SOLID, NON-RESINOUS, SUBSTANTIALLY COLORLESS ELECTRON-ACCEPTOR, AND A COMPOUND HAVING THE FORMULA 